By 1920, there were over 8 million registrations. In 1828, nyos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor, created a tiny model car powered by his new motor. New forcesthe electronic. How scientific is scientific management? To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides. Each location also has the season (winter or summer) that you should investigate. [12]:23 By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the US. During his lifetime, he was honored as the originator of the motorcar but his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II. The first production of automobiles was by Karl Benz in 1888 in Germany and, under license from Benz, in France by Emile Roger. [46]:62 In this era the revolutionary pontoon design of cars without fully articulated fenders, running boards and other noncompact ledge elements was introduced in small series but mass production of such cars was started much later (after WWII). Updates? "Automobiles in the Progressive and New Eras" Kyle Derstein "Automobiles in the Progressive and New Eras : Development of the automobile started in 1672 with the invention of the first steam-powered vehicle,[1] which led to the creation of the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation, built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769. Americans experienced traffic jams for the first time, as well as traffic accidents and fatalities. Transmissions and throttle controls were widely adopted, allowing a variety of cruising speeds, though vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings, rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras. Why is it important to separate Schmidt from his fellow workers? Rising unemployment made it difficult for Americans to provide for their families' needs. Yes, of course you do, and you get $1.85 for loading a pile like that every day right through the year. Try to bring the game camera angle up, QUESTION 5 If the air temperature south of the Grand Canyon at an elevation of 1500m is 12oC, and the dew point temperature is 3oC,what are the conditions at the South Rim and North Rim if the air, What are the basic climate-vegetation relationships that you can observe at the North Rim station from the geovisualization and information supplied in the question? Did I vant $1.85 a day? So I would think the new and progressive era would be both of those like 1890-1930, would that make sense? Emergence of Professionalism in Late 19th and Early 20th Century America. The development of the high-speed diesel engine from 1930 began to replace them for wagons, accelerated in the UK by tax changes making steam wagons uneconomic overnight. I remember the New Era from 1920-1929. I remember the New Era from 1920-1929. If Kim wants $2,000 in profit per month, how many employees can Kim have if each employee costs $1,000 per. How does Taylors exchange with Schmidt reveal class differences in the goals of Progressivism? One of their findings was that the automobile had transformed the lives of people living in Middletown and, by extension, virtually everywhere else in the United States. [46]:62 While it would be another two decades before all-steel bodies would be standard, the change would mean improved supplies of superior-quality wood for furniture makers. Why does Taylor compare Schmidt to cheap fellows? 19141917 Dattogoa two-cylinder, 10hp (7,500W) "all-Japanese" car manufactured in seven units by the Kaishinsha Motor Works operated by Masujiro Hashimoto in Tokyo, while importing, assembling, and selling British cars. Remind students that while Taylor is illustrating how scientific management works, he is also arguing to potential clients, like the Bethlehem Iron Company, that it does, in fact, work and that they should hire him to implement it in their operations. Christiaan Huyghens (16291695) built a powder-powered internal combustion engine to supply water for irrigation of Versailles palace gardens, used as latrines by visitors. people were riding in cars instead of walking or riding a horse. It includes original equipment, manufacture, and adverting industry as well as oil and natural gases industry. Taylors exchange with Schmidt, the little Pennsylvania Dutchman, is the heart of the text. [57] Performance engines became a focus of marketing by US automakers, exemplified by the era's muscle cars. Now sit down and rest. It is likely they were not the only ones. Since the end of the 20th century, several award competitions for cars and trucks have become widely known, such as European Car of the Year, Car of the Year Japan, North American Car of the Year, World Car of the Year, Truck of the Year, and International Car of the Year. List the words in paragraphs 1 and 2 that characterize scientific management. You see that pile of pig iron?, Yes. Kaishinsha was the first automobile manufacturing business in Japan. Keeps Fast Company - Equipment", "Sibrandus Stratingh (17851841), Professor of Chemistry and Technology", "World's first electric car built by Victorian inventor in 1884", "Data on the Hippomobile and hydrogen/fuel cells", "Henry Ford posing in Ford-Lenoir automobile", "America on the Move; Autocar automobile", "High Tech: Auto Makers' History Revisited", "The birth of the Pony Car - a historical look back", "Claus Luthe, Car Design Innovator, Is Dead at 75", "Historic (classic) vehicles: MOT and vehicle tax", "1974 Oldsmobile Air Cushion Restraint System", "Toyota Is Global Hybrid Leader With Sales Of 7 Million", "China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out", "2016 BYD Tang: Plug-In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come", "Mitsubishi Recalls 20092014 i-Miev Electric Cars for Faulty Brake Vacuum Pump", "Mitsubishi Motors unveils cheaper i-MiEV electric car", "One Million Global Plug-In Sales Milestone Reached", "Plug-in Pioneers: Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt Turn Five Years Old", "Tesla Model S is America's Best-Selling Plug-in Car This Year", "New England in Motor History; 1890 to 1916", Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz, Ladenburg/Germany, University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections Transportation photographs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&oldid=1142309693, 1907 Takurithe first entirely Japanese-made gasoline engine car produced by Komanosuke Uchiyama in April 1907. [3] Progressivism was a widespread call for reform of issues such as child labor, . 8. Americans have become truly auto-dependent. The main objectives of the progressive movement were addressing problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption. (2) A and C. (3) B and C. (4) B and D. (2) A and C. Base your answers to questions 11 and 12 on the charts below as well as your knowledge of social studies. Who was this legend. The logic of Taylors argument can be summarized as follows: a high-priced man behaves in this way; you are a high-priced man; therefore, you will behave in this way. Arthur Jerome Eddy, early automobile enthusiast, 1902[49]. Once Schmidt agrees that a high-priced man is someone who wants to make more money and that because he wants to make more, he is a high-priced man, Taylor knocks him off balance by saying that money has little to do with being a high-priced man. He then introduces a second element into the definition: a high-priced man loads more pig iron. Write an essay explaining how and why, if at all, the following passage might be labeled Progressive. [From Household Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home by Christine Frederick, 1920.]. 1. Automobiles in the Progressive and New Eras - Shelby's 20th Century U.S History Shelby's 20th Century U.S History Two Sociologists Robert and Helen Lynd decided to conduct an important study about American society during the 1920s. Now, hold on, hold on. The Progressive Era started in the 1890s and ran through the 1920s. Captive imports and badge engineering increased in the US and the UK as amalgamated groups such as the British Motor Corporation consolidated the market. . Innovations during the 1960s included NSU's Wankel engine, the gas turbine, and the turbocharger. Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, 1910 (excerpt). I could load dot pig iron on the car tomorrow for $1.85, and I get it every day, dont I?, Certainly you do certainly you do. What is the effect of the word absolute? In 1879, the legislature awarded half the prize.[17][18][19]. Drivers wanted cheap, relatively fast food so they could be on their way in a hurry. When Schmidt agrees to load more, Taylor adds yet another element, complete obedience to the manager. Fender lines ran continuously from front to rear, squat hoods blended with front fenders, fender aprons partially concealed wheels, and a curved one-piece windshield replaced the old straight design. "@LlamaSound There's no possible scenario IMO where the US goes from spending 15% of its GDP on a car-focused mobility to 25% of GDP on cars + transit. Chariot vapeur du RP Verbiest", "History of the electric car: 1828 1912, from Trouve to Morrison", "Greenwich Guide - Greenwich Day by Day - May", "Der Streit um den "Geburtstag" des modernen Automobils", "Canadians were quick to hop on the self-propelled wagon", "J.I. An armistice on November 11, _____, marked the end of fighting during World War I. But though automobile ownership is virtually universal, the motor vehicle no longer acts as a progressive force for change. Innovations such as hand brakes, multispeed transmissions and better steering developed. To find additional documents inLoc.govconcerning automobiles, search individual collections using such terms asautomobile,car,motor car, orfilling stationandmotel. Yeah I find some stuff like that but not very much because I have to have the whole project only about the progressive era which is what, 1900-1930? As more Americans purchased cars, there arose a greater need for the infrastructure to support them. The Volkswagen Beetle continued production after World War II and began exports to other nations, including the US. Because Marcus was of Jewish descent, the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed, his name expunged from future textbooks, and his public memorials removed, giving credit instead to Karl Benz. (B) African American, In the summer of 1893, a young historian, Frederick Jackson Turner, presented a paper that explained his views on the significance of the frontier in American history. BMC's space-saving and trend-setting transverse engine, front-wheel-drive, independent suspension and monocoque bodied Mini, which first appeared in 1959, was marketed under the Austin and Morris names, until Mini became a marque in its own right in 1969. Originally you said you needed "automobiles" in the Progressive Era and the New Era. This effectively halted road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century; inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway locomotives. Reforms were spurred by the activities of such prominent figures as Jane Addams, Upton Sinclair, and President Theodore Roosevelt. [12]:7 Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace, with multivalve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end, and V8, V12, and even V16 engines conceived for the ultrarich. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event. In the nation's growing cities, factory output grew, small businesses flourished, and incomes rose. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry was beginning to take off in Western Europe, especially in France, where 30,204 were produced in 1903, representing 48.8 percent of world automobile production that year. Since 2009, China has become the world's largest car manufacturer with production greater than Japan, the US, and all of Europe. [12]:25, George Foote Foss of Sherbrooke, Quebec built a single-cylinder gasoline car in 1896 which he drove for four years, ignoring city officials' warnings of arrest for his "mad antics". The temperance movement, discouraging the use of alcoholic beverages, had been active and influential in the United States since at least the 1830s. He paid his workers an unprecedented $5 a day when most laborers were bringing home two, hoping that it would increase their productivity. Support your answer with evidence from the text. It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully-closed bodies began to dominate sales, with the new saloon/sedan body style even incorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage. Ford used the idea of the assembly line for automobile manufacturing. )[46]:62 Just at the end of the vintage era, tempered glass (now standard equipment in side windows) was invented in France. [61] Competition increased, with Studebaker, a pioneering automaker, shutting down, and the trend for consolidation reached Italy where niche makers like Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia were acquired by larger companies. This design was used for all further engines. American manufacturing jobs were, Choose a reason why the federal government increased efforts to address violent crime and drug use in the 1980s and 1990s. The rise of pickup trucks in the US and SUVs worldwide has changed the face of motoring with these "trucks" coming to command more than half of the world automobile market. The Progressive Era (1890-1920s) was a turning point in American history during which many important reforms were passed. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier vapeur ("steam dray"), an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771. Hmmmm. Soon Henrys cars were driven everywhere. The US-built Thomas Flyer with George Schuster (driver) won the race covering 35,000km (22,000mi) in 169 days. Among the first representatives of the style were the Soviet GAZ-M20 Pobeda (1946), British Standard Vanguard (1947), US Studebaker Champion, and Kaiser (1946), as well as the Czech Tatra T600 Tatraplan (1946) and the Italian Cisitalia 220 sports car (1947). Oh yes, you do. Fast travel to the three coordinate locations below in the geovisualization. Alec Issigonis's Mini and Fiat's 500 diminutive cars were introduced in Europe, while the similar kei car class became popular in Japan. A major change in automobile design since World War II was the popularity of pontoon style, in which running boards were eliminated and fenders were incorporated into the body. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable for traveling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless. Courtesy of the Lbrary of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-69682. [34] Selden licensed his patent to most major American automakers, collecting a fee on each car they produced and creating the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers. "Middletown" was the name used to disguise Muncie, Indiana, the actual place where they conducted their research. What role does the footnote play in convincing Taylors readers that scientific management works? The Progressive Era was an enlightened age, which transformed various sectors in society. Throughout the 1950s, engine power and vehicle speeds rose, designs became more integrated and artful, and automobiles were marketed internationally. Nicolaus Otto and Eugen Langen had built a working engine in 1867. Grades 11-CCR complexity band. What was the role of professionalism in the Progressive Era? These results cost the Bethlehem Iron Company very little. Freedom of choice encouraged many family vacations to places previously impossible. This era witnessed the invention of the automobile, the establishment of women's suffrage, and the opening of the Panama Canal. What is Taylors idea of motivation? Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain) Robert Anderson of Scotland invented a crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. Dual- and even quad-engine cars were designed, and engine displacement ranged to more than 12L (3.2USgal). Diversity and disagreement within progressivism, Causes and Effects of the Progressive Era, https://www.britannica.com/summary/The-Progressive-Era-Timeline. During this time, known as the Progressive Era, the movement's goals involved strengthening the national government and addressing people's economic, social, and political demands. [5] In 1834, Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport, the inventor of the first American DC electric motor, installed his motor in a small model car, which he operated on a short circular electrified track. 2. When we think of the automobile era, we think of the 1920s. A. When this man tells you to walk, you walk; when he tells you to sit down, you sit down, and you dont talk back at him. Which of the following was a goal of politicians during the Progressive Era? The progressive Era was a period widespread social activism and political reform across the United States from the 1890's to the 1920's. The main objectives of the Progressive Era movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration and political corruption. In 1922, enclosed vehicles were finally affordable and becoming more standard, especially in colder climates. A pig-iron handler walks on the level at the rate of one foot in 0.006 minutes. Oh, come now, you answer my questions. [58] In 1964, the Ford Mustang developed a new market segment, the pony car. 1. The vintage era lasted from the end of World War I (1918), through to the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929. C. Provide more common drinking cups. Of course you want $1.85 a day every one wants it! I thought the progressive era was from early 1890s to 1920s, and that was what prompted me to suggest 1899. Under scientific management how does the role of the manager change? This was done as follows. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878. [54], Examples of period vehicles:[citation needed]. The reforming spirit of Protestantism inspired many who did not embrace the doctrines of Protestantism or its often dark and pessimistic world view. I thought the progressive era was from early 1890s to 1920s, and that was what prompted me to suggest 1899. The 1970s were turbulent years for automakers and buyers with major events reshaping the industry such as the 1973 oil crisis, stricter automobile emissions control and safety requirements, increasing exports by the Japanese and European automakers, as well as growth in inflation and the stagnant economic conditions in many nations. Ford reduced options, even stating that the public could choose whatever color car they wanted so long as it was black. Taylor adopts an authoritative, intimidating tone that clearly puts him in charge. The lack of suitable fuels, particularly liquids, hampered early attempts at making and using internal combustion enginestherefore some of the earliest engines used gas mixtures. [48]:92 Also in 1899, Akron, Ohio, adopted the first self-propelled paddy wagon. Americans experienced traffic jams for the first time, as well as traffic accidents and fatalities. [22] In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small-scale electrical car, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. The early history of the automobile was concentrated on the search for a reliable portable power unit to propel the vehicle. The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain. What image of Schmidt does Taylor construct? [41], The first motor car in Central Europe was produced by the Austro-Hungarian company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to Tatra in today's Czech Republic) in 1897, the Prsident automobile. In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouv demonstrated a working three-wheeled car powered by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris. Copyright 2008-2022 ushistory.org, owned by the Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia, founded 1942. Many of them also would run down the plank after loading the car. Timeline of major events during the Progressive Era. Why might Taylor have used it? [46]:62 Three years later, Hermann Rieseler of Vulcan Motor invented the first automatic transmission, which had two-speed planetary gearbox, torque converter, and lockup clutch; it never entered production. Characterize the tone with which Taylor addresses Schmidt. After, his big break he made more cars and they sold like crazy. Vell, dots all right. Teenagers gained more and more independence with driving freedom. Sociologists Robert and Helen Lynd conducted a major study of American society during the 1920s. Case Co. ___ was able to sell his Model-T automobile at a price most Americans could afford. Traditional coach-style vehicles were rapidly abandoned, and buckboard runabouts lost favor with the introduction of tonneaus and other less-expensive touring bodies. A number of body types became available in the 1920s. In 1922, enclosed vehicles were finally affordable and becoming more standard, especially in colder climates. How does scientific management affect workers? You have seen this man here before, havent you?. Innovation was not limited to the vehicles themselves. German, French, Italian, and American teams began in New York City 12 February 1908 with three of the competitors ultimately reaching Paris. During this time period, the Progressives wanted to eliminate government corruption. With the final discussion questions How scientific is scientific management? They also are usually credited with invention of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024hp (18W) 122cc (7.4cuin) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile and first motorcycle. One of the first pieces of work undertaken by us, when the writer started to introduce scientific management into the Bethlehem Steel Company, was to handle pig iron on task work. During the 19th century, attempts were made to introduce practical steam-powered vehicles. 1886[12]:25), Irgens (starting in Bergen, Norway, in 1883, but without success),[12]:2526 Italy (where FIAT started in 1899), and as far afield as Australia (where Pioneer set up shop in 1898, with an already archaic paraffin-fueled center-pivot-steered wagon). 1918 . Managers must transform themselves from supervisors to experts in command of detailed knowledge of manufacturing processes, while workers must yield their initiative to their jobs with absolute uniformity, which we will later see means absolute obedience. Other Wankel licensees, including Mercedes-Benz and GM, never put their designs into production because of engineering and manufacturing problems, as well as the lessons from the 1973 oil crisis. They continued to build horse-drawn vehicles until 1919. The engine evolved as engineers created two- and four-cycle combustion engines and began using gasoline as fuel. What I want to find out is whether you are a high-priced man or one of these cheap fellows here. [citation needed], Throughout this era, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Scraping waste from surface of china, agate or other kind of dish or utensil. Although a few designers continued to advocate steam power, no significant developments in the production of steam cars took place after Doble in 1931. It is generally referred to as the Edwardian era, but in the US is often known as the Brass era from the widespread use of brass in vehicles during this time. 1997 saw the Toyota RAV4 EV and the Nissan Altra, the first production battery electric cars to use NiMH and Li-ion batteries (instead of heavier lead acid) respectively. The - industry thrived as new automotive plants were built, along with -. Under scientific management the initiative of the workmen (that is, their hard work, their goodwill, and their ingenuity) is obtained with absolute uniformity and to a greater extent than is possible under the old system; and in addition to this improvement on the part of the men, the managers assume new burdens, new duties, and responsibilities never dreamed of in the past. The first electric starter was installed on an Arnold, an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built in Kent between 1895 and 1898. 7. Smaller-sized cars grew in popularity. What does the contrast between Schmidts language and Taylors suggest? Among these were many social scientists, specialists in such disciplines as psychology, economics, sociology, and statistics. Key developments included the electric ignition system (by dynamotor on the Arnold car in 1898,[46]:61 though Robert Bosch, 1903, tends to get the credit), independent suspension (actually conceived by Bolle in 1873),[46]:61 and four-wheel brakes (by the Arrol-Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909). Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888, when she traveled more than 80km (50mi) from Mannheim to Pforzheim, to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband, Karl Benz, manufactured, and after Horatio Nelson Jackson's successful transcontinental drive across the US in 1903 on a Winton car. During the Progressive Era, from the 1890s through the 1920s, the idea of progress manifested itself in a variety of ways from cleaning up slums to eliminating government corruption to Americanizing immigrants to standardizing industrial practices. While a time of great advance-ment, the Gilded Age and Progressive Era were also periods o (1, That company has been making surfboards since the 1960's present perfect progressive present progressive*** past perfect progressive past progressive We had been listening to the radio when the, When will the tickets go on sale? While seven vehicles were registered, only two started to compete: the entries from Green Bay and Oshkosh. While the "Progressive Era" used to be narrowly designated as the period 1900-1914, historians now realize that the period is really much broader, stretching from the latter decades of the nineteenth century into the early 1920s. The success of American Motors's compact-sized Rambler models spurred GM and Ford to introduce their own downsized cars in 1960. [citation needed] There was also the introduction of the MPV class (smaller noncommercial passenger minivans), among the first of which were the French Renault Espace and the Chrysler minivan versions in the US. As one man whom we talked to about him said, A penny looks about the size of a cartwheel to him. This man we will call Schmidt. The growth of the automobile industry caused an economic revolution across the United States. His application included not only the engine but its use in a four-wheeled car. Step 1: Research your Progressive Era topic: Click on the links below to review the different aspects of the Progressive Era. 6. More modest pricing and improved roads and highways systems launched the automobile into the daily lives of Americans. Under the old type of management success depends almost entirely upon getting the initiative of the workmen, and it is indeed a rare case in which this initiative is really attained. Note where Taylor uses phrases like You know perfectly well and You know it just as well as I do. Why does he use them? Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam-powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Kangxi Emperor. View cars prog era.pptx from ELECTIVE NA at Colorado Connections Academy @ Mapleton. Hudson introduced the "step-down" design with the 1948 Commodore, which placed the passenger compartment down inside the perimeter of the frame, that was one of the first new-design postwar cars made and featured trend-setting slab-side styling. Urban dwellers had the opportunity to rediscover pristine landscapes, just as rural dwellers were able to shop in towns and cities. Also in 1919, hydraulic brakes were invented by Malcolm Loughead (cofounder of Lockheed); they were adopted by Duesenberg for their 1921 Model A. then google automobile "xxxxx" [59] New models to compete with the Mustang included the Chevrolet Camaro, AMC Javelin, and Plymouth Barracuda.[60]. In the nation's growing cities, factory output grew, small businesses flourished, and incomes rose. [55] The unibody/strut-suspended 1951 Ford Consul joined the 1948 Morris Minor and 1949 Rover P4 in the automobile market in the UK. As Cugnot's design proved to be impractical, his invention was not developed in his native France. Besides the increasing car production in Asian and other countries, there has been growth in transnational corporate groups, with the production of transnational automobiles sharing the same platforms as well as badge engineering or rebadging to suit different markets and consumer segments. And whats more, no back talk. So honestly, I don't know what you want. By efficiently producing and manufacturing the car model he was able to decrease the cost of building the Model T. This was done by cutting the time in . Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886,[31] and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had provedwith the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and backthat the horseless coach was capable of extended travel. In the early nineteenth century evangelical Protestants undertook reforms out of a desire to purge the world of sin. [12]:26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults. Increasing numbers of cars propelled the growth of the petroleum industry,[46]:6061 as well as the development of technology to produce gasoline (replacing kerosene and coal oil) and of improvements in heat-tolerant mineral oil lubricants (replacing vegetable and animal oils). We found that upon wages of $1.15 a day he had succeeded in buying a small plot of ground, and that he was engaged in putting up the walls of a little house for himself in the morning before starting to work and at night after leaving.
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